Scientific sessions

Innovations in infertility diagnosis have revolutionized how reproductive issues are detected and treated. Advanced imaging techniques, such as 3D ultrasounds, provide detailed insights into uterine and ovarian health. Non-invasive blood tests for biomarkers like anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) help assess ovarian reserve. Genetic testing uncovers hereditary factors impacting fertility, while next-generation sequencing (NGS) allows for deeper analysis of reproductive health. Artificial intelligence is enhancing diagnostic accuracy by quickly interpreting data and predicting fertility outcomes. Additionally, innovations in sperm analysis, including DNA fragmentation testing, are improving the assessment of male infertility. These advancements enable earlier detection and more personalized treatment approaches, improving the chances of successful conception.

Hormonal imbalances in women’s health can have a significant impact on various bodily functions, affecting everything from menstrual cycles to mood and metabolism. Common causes include conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), thyroid disorders, menopause, and stress. These imbalances can lead to irregular periods, weight gain, fatigue, infertility, and emotional disturbances. Advances in diagnosis, such as blood tests for hormone levels and improved imaging techniques, help identify the root cause of hormonal disruptions. Treatment options vary depending on the condition but may include hormone replacement therapy (HRT), lifestyle changes, and medications to regulate hormone levels. Early detection and personalized treatments can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life.

Genetic factors play a crucial role in female fertility, influencing a woman’s ability to conceive and carry a pregnancy to term. Inherited conditions like Turner syndrome, Fragile X syndrome, and chromosomal abnormalities can lead to issues such as early ovarian failure, irregular cycles, or infertility. Genetic mutations can also affect egg quality and quantity, impacting a woman’s ovarian reserve and response to fertility treatments. Advances in genetic testing, including carrier screening and next-generation sequencing, are helping to identify hereditary risks and guide personalized fertility treatment plans. Understanding these genetic factors allows for better management of reproductive health, improving outcomes for women struggling with infertility.

IVF breakthroughs and trends have significantly improved success rates and accessibility in fertility treatments. Recent advancements include the use of genetic screening, such as preimplantation genetic testing (PGT), which helps identify healthy embryos, reducing the risk of inherited conditions. Improved culture media and embryo cryopreservation techniques have enhanced embryo development and long-term storage success. The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into IVF procedures is enabling better embryo selection and more accurate predictions of success. Additionally, advancements in stem cell therapy and ovarian rejuvenation are opening new possibilities for women with diminished ovarian reserve. As IVF continues to evolve, trends like egg freezing for social reasons and the increasing availability of fertility preservation options offer women greater flexibility and control over family planning.

Stress can have a significant impact on female fertility by disrupting hormonal balance, which is crucial for ovulation and menstrual cycles. Chronic stress triggers the release of cortisol, a hormone that can interfere with the production of reproductive hormones like estrogen and progesterone, leading to irregular cycles or even anovulation (lack of ovulation). High stress levels can also affect the quality of eggs and the health of the uterus, making it more challenging to conceive. Moreover, stress can lower libido and create emotional barriers to intimacy, further complicating conception efforts. Managing stress through relaxation techniques, exercise, and counseling can help improve fertility outcomes by supporting overall hormonal balance and reproductive health.

Managing polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is crucial for improving fertility, as this condition can disrupt ovulation, leading to irregular periods and difficulty conceiving. Treatment typically focuses on regulating hormone levels to promote regular ovulation. Lifestyle changes, such as maintaining a healthy weight, eating a balanced diet, and exercising regularly, can help manage insulin resistance and reduce symptoms. Medications like clomiphene citrate and letrozole are often prescribed to stimulate ovulation, while metformin may be used to improve insulin sensitivity. In some cases, assisted reproductive technologies like IVF may be necessary for women with PCOS who struggle with ovulation despite other treatments. Managing stress and addressing underlying metabolic issues can also enhance fertility outcomes for women with PCOS.

Endometriosis is a condition where tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside it, causing pain, heavy periods, and potentially infertility. Diagnosis often involves pelvic exams, ultrasounds, and laparoscopy, a surgical procedure that allows direct visualization of endometrial tissue. Treatment options vary based on severity and symptoms. Pain management is commonly addressed with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or hormonal therapies, such as birth control, IUDs, or GnRH agonists, which suppress menstruation and reduce tissue growth. For women struggling with fertility, treatments like laparoscopic surgery to remove endometriosis lesions or assisted reproductive technologies, such as IVF, may be recommended. In severe cases, a hysterectomy may be considered. Early diagnosis and personalized treatment can significantly improve quality of life and fertility outcomes.

Ovarian rejuvenation is an emerging treatment aimed at improving ovarian function in women with diminished ovarian reserve, often due to aging or conditions like premature ovarian insufficiency (POI). The procedure involves techniques such as platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy, where growth factors from the patient’s blood are injected into the ovaries to stimulate egg production and improve ovarian function. Other methods being explored include stem cell therapy and ovarian tissue transplantation. While still in the experimental stages, ovarian rejuvenation offers hope for women who have limited fertility options. It has the potential to restore hormonal balance, improve egg quality, and increase the chances of natural conception or successful IVF treatments. However, more research is needed to determine its long-term effectiveness and safety.

Psychological support is essential in managing the emotional challenges associated with infertility. The stress, anxiety, and feelings of isolation that often accompany fertility struggles can affect mental health, relationships, and overall well-being. Counseling, support groups, and therapy offer emotional relief by helping individuals and couples cope with the emotional rollercoaster of infertility treatments. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and mindfulness practices can reduce anxiety and improve coping strategies. Additionally, open communication with partners and seeking support from friends and family can alleviate feelings of loneliness. Psychological support not only helps manage stress but can also improve fertility treatment outcomes by promoting emotional resilience and a more positive mindset during the process.

Stem cells are an emerging area of interest in fertility treatment, offering potential for restoring reproductive function in cases of infertility due to aging, ovarian failure, or other conditions. Stem cells have the ability to regenerate damaged tissues, and in fertility treatments, they may be used to regenerate ovarian tissue, improve egg quality, or even stimulate the production of new eggs. Ovarian stem cell therapy, where stem cells are harvested and injected into the ovaries, is being explored as a way to improve ovarian reserve and restore fertility in women with conditions like premature ovarian insufficiency. While research is still in early stages, stem cell therapy holds promise for offering new treatment options for women struggling with infertility, though more studies are needed to fully understand its safety and effectiveness.

Fertility preservation for cancer patients is an important aspect of cancer treatment, as therapies like chemotherapy and radiation can negatively affect fertility. For women, options such as egg freezing, embryo freezing (if in a relationship), or ovarian tissue cryopreservation are available to preserve reproductive potential before cancer treatment begins. Hormonal treatments may also be used to protect ovarian function during chemotherapy. In men, sperm banking is the most common method of fertility preservation. These options allow cancer survivors to have the possibility of biological children in the future. Advances in fertility preservation techniques are improving success rates, and early consultation with a fertility specialist is crucial for those facing cancer treatment.

Modern approaches to menopause focus on personalized care to manage symptoms and improve quality of life. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) remains a common treatment to alleviate hot flashes, night sweats, and mood swings by restoring estrogen and progesterone levels. However, for women who cannot take HRT, non-hormonal treatments, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and gabapentin, are used to manage symptoms. Lifestyle modifications, including exercise, a balanced diet, and stress management, play a key role in symptom control. Additionally, alternative therapies like acupuncture and herbal supplements are gaining popularity, though their effectiveness varies. Personalized care, taking into account individual health conditions and preferences, is now emphasized to help women navigate menopause more comfortably and healthily.

Ethics in infertility treatment involves addressing complex moral and legal issues related to reproductive technologies. Key concerns include the ethical implications of assisted reproductive techniques like IVF, egg and sperm donation, and the use of genetic screening, such as preimplantation genetic testing (PGT). Ethical questions arise regarding the selection of embryos, the fate of unused embryos, and the use of third-party donors. Issues of accessibility and equity also play a significant role, as infertility treatments can be expensive and may not be available to all. Furthermore, the psychological and emotional impacts on patients, including the potential for exploitation or coercion in donor arrangements, are important ethical considerations. Ensuring informed consent, privacy, and respect for all parties involved, including donors, patients, and potential children, is central to ethical infertility care.

Non-invasive reproductive health diagnostics are techniques that allow for the assessment of fertility and reproductive health without the need for surgery or invasive procedures. These methods include blood tests to measure hormone levels, such as anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), which provides insight into ovarian reserve. Ultrasound imaging, including 3D and transvaginal ultrasounds, helps assess the condition of the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes. Non-invasive genetic screening, such as carrier screening and non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT), can identify genetic conditions without the need for invasive procedures like amniocentesis. Additionally, advanced technologies like fertility tracking apps and wearable devices provide real-time monitoring of menstrual cycles and ovulation. These diagnostic tools offer convenience, reduce risk, and provide valuable information for improving reproductive health and fertility outcomes.

Uterine health plays a crucial role in fertility, as a healthy uterus is essential for implantation and the successful development of a pregnancy. Conditions like fibroids, polyps, endometriosis, and adhesions can interfere with the uterus’s ability to support a pregnancy. Regular screenings, such as ultrasounds and hysteroscopy, help diagnose these conditions. Treatments may include medications, minimally invasive surgery, or, in some cases, assisted reproductive technologies like IVF. The uterine lining’s thickness and health are also important for embryo implantation, and conditions like thin endometrium can be addressed with hormonal treatments or stem cell therapies. Maintaining uterine health through a balanced diet, managing stress, and avoiding environmental toxins can improve fertility and support successful conception.

Fertility challenges with aging are common, as a woman’s fertility naturally declines with age, particularly after the age of 35. Ovarian reserve, or the number and quality of eggs, decreases over time, making it harder to conceive. Older women may experience irregular ovulation, which can lead to difficulty in timing conception. Additionally, the risk of chromosomal abnormalities, such as Down syndrome, increases with age, impacting pregnancy outcomes. Men may also face declining sperm quality with age, including lower sperm count and motility. While assisted reproductive technologies like IVF, egg freezing, and genetic screening can help mitigate some of these challenges, fertility rates still tend to decrease as women and men age. Early intervention and fertility preservation options offer more opportunities for individuals who wish to delay parenthood.

Hormonal therapy for infertility is commonly used to regulate reproductive hormones, stimulate ovulation, or support pregnancy. In women, medications like clomiphene citrate and letrozole are often prescribed to induce ovulation by stimulating the release of eggs from the ovaries. For women with conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), hormonal therapy helps regulate irregular cycles and promote regular ovulation. Gonadotropins, injectable hormones, are also used in assisted reproductive technologies like IVF to stimulate the ovaries to produce multiple eggs. In some cases, progesterone supplementation is provided to support the uterine lining and maintain early pregnancy. For men, hormonal therapy may involve medications to stimulate sperm production. Hormonal treatments are often combined with other fertility interventions to improve success rates and increase the chances of conception.

Global reproductive rights and health refer to the fundamental right of individuals to make informed decisions about their reproductive health, including access to contraception, safe abortion services, fertility treatments, and comprehensive sexual education. These rights are recognized as key components of gender equality and human rights. However, access to reproductive health services varies widely across countries, with some regions facing significant barriers due to cultural, legal, or economic constraints. In many parts of the world, limited access to family planning, unsafe abortions, and maternal health services pose serious challenges to reproductive health. International efforts, led by organizations like the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations, aim to promote reproductive rights, ensure universal access to reproductive healthcare, and advocate for policies that protect and empower individuals to make autonomous decisions about their reproductive health.

Emerging biomarkers in fertility are providing valuable insights into reproductive health, offering more precise ways to assess fertility potential. Biomarkers like anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) help evaluate ovarian reserve, while follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and estradiol levels are used to monitor ovarian function. Newer biomarkers, such as kisspeptin and microRNAs, are being studied for their role in regulating reproductive processes, including ovulation and implantation. Genetic biomarkers are also becoming important for predicting the likelihood of successful pregnancies, particularly in IVF treatments. These advancements allow for more personalized fertility treatments, improving diagnosis, treatment selection, and overall success rates. As research continues, emerging biomarkers promise to further enhance the understanding and management of fertility challenges.

Menstrual health is closely tied to fertility, as a regular and healthy menstrual cycle is essential for ovulation and conception. Irregular periods, absent menstruation, or painful cycles can be signs of underlying issues such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), thyroid disorders, or endometriosis, all of which can affect fertility. Proper menstrual health monitoring can help identify early signs of reproductive health problems, enabling timely intervention. Hormonal imbalances, stress, poor nutrition, or excessive exercise can disrupt menstrual cycles and fertility. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle, managing stress, and seeking medical advice for irregular cycles are important steps in preserving fertility. By addressing menstrual health concerns early, women can improve their chances of successful conception.

Mental health plays a crucial role in fertility care, as emotional well-being can significantly impact reproductive health. Stress, anxiety, and depression can disrupt hormonal balance, affecting ovulation and fertility. The emotional strain of infertility can also lead to feelings of isolation, frustration, and lower self-esteem, which may further hinder conception. Mental health support, such as counseling, therapy, or support groups, is essential for helping individuals and couples cope with the emotional challenges of fertility treatments. Mindfulness practices, relaxation techniques, and stress reduction strategies can improve both mental health and fertility outcomes. Integrating mental health care into fertility treatment plans helps create a more holistic approach to reproductive health and improves the chances of a positive outcome.

Advances in male factor infertility have led to better diagnostic tools and treatment options for men struggling with infertility. New techniques, such as sperm DNA fragmentation testing, provide deeper insights into sperm quality, helping to identify causes of infertility that were previously undetectable. Advances in sperm retrieval methods, including microTESE (microsurgical testicular sperm extraction), offer solutions for men with low sperm counts or obstructive azoospermia. In vitro fertilization (IVF) combined with intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) allows for the fertilization of eggs even with low-quality sperm. Additionally, lifestyle changes, nutritional interventions, and medications targeting hormonal imbalances are being used to improve sperm production and function. These innovations are helping to increase success rates in fertility treatments and provide men with more options for becoming parents.

Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) encompass a range of medical treatments used to help individuals and couples conceive when faced with fertility challenges. The most common ART procedures include in vitro fertilization (IVF), where eggs are fertilized outside the body and then implanted in the uterus, and intrauterine insemination (IUI), where sperm is directly placed into the uterus to increase the chances of fertilization. Other ART techniques include egg or sperm donation, embryo freezing, and surrogacy. ART has also advanced with innovations like genetic screening (PGT) to select healthy embryos and improve success rates. These technologies offer hope to those with infertility, including individuals with conditions like endometriosis, PCOS, male factor infertility, or advanced age, and have become increasingly effective in helping people build families.

Personalized fertility treatment approaches focus on tailoring fertility care to the individual’s unique needs, based on factors like age, medical history, lifestyle, and specific fertility challenges. This method includes detailed assessments such as genetic testing, hormone level measurements, and imaging to create a customized treatment plan. For women, this could involve choosing between options like ovulation induction, IVF, or egg freezing based on ovarian reserve and reproductive health. For men, treatments might focus on improving sperm quality or using techniques like ICSI for fertilization. Personalized approaches may also incorporate lifestyle modifications, such as diet and stress management, to improve fertility outcomes. The goal is to optimize treatment success by addressing each person’s specific reproductive health profile.