To investigate the effect of zirconium dioxide nanoparticles (ZrO2NPs) on the shear bond
strength (SBS) of hard denture lines bonded to different denture base resins. Methods: Five different
denture bases were used in this study: conventional heat-cured resin, IvoCad, AvaDent, NextDent,
and FormLabs, in acrylic specimens of 10 × 10 × 2.5 mm3 (N = 150, n = 10). Specimens were
centered at the bottom of a silicon mold to create an auto-polymerized holder. Three major groups of
reline material were used: no ZrO2NPs (control), 2 wt.%, and 4 wt.% ZrO2NPs. Reline was bonded
to the resin surface using a customized jig. After polymerization, specimens were stored in distilled
water, and 5000 thermal cycles were performed. Each specimen was fixed to an Instron machine, and
SBS was tested using a blade loaded (1 mm/min) at the resin interface until failure. Data was collected
and analyzed using two-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey test (α = 0.05). Results: AvaDent showed
the highest SBS when compared with other denture base materials (p < 0.001) except for IvoCad. The addition of ZrO2NPs significantly decreased the SBS of AvaDent (p = 0.003) and IvoCad (p = 0.001), while heat polymerized resin, Formlabs, and NextDent showed no significant change in SBS (p >
0.05). Conclusion: CAD-CAM milled denture base resin showed higher SBS with pure denture reline.
The addition of ZrO2NPs decreased the SBS of reline with CAD-CAM milled denture base resins
but did not change bond strength with 3D printed and conventional denture base resins.

This contribution comprehensively evaluates the heat capacity performance of cement-based heat exchangers used for thermal energy storage, alongside an analysis of their structural integrity when subjected to elevated temperatures. To accurately model fluid flow within these systems, the Navier-Stokes equations and the principles of mass and energy conservation are employed. The response of the cement-based materials is simulated with a focus on thermomechanical coupling, allowing for the determination of the temperature profiles within the thermal energy storage system. The study investigates the thermal storage capabilities of various designs, specifically comparing plain concrete with concrete enhanced by the addition of SiO₂ nanoparticles. Moreover, the developed model is applied to assess the performance of a concrete thermal energy storage component that has been functionalized for operational use within low to medium temperature ranges, specifically between 100°C and 400°C.