Abstract

The development of three-dimensional scaffolds that can support bone regeneration remains a major challenge in tissue engineering. Selecting suitable scaffold materials is critical, as they provide mechanical support, and promote cell attachment and differentiation. Among various options, natural polymers have attracted significant attention due to their biological similarity to native tissues and favorable safety profiles. To better mimic the mineralized structure of bone and improve scaffold properties, these polymers are frequently combined with mineral phases. In addition, local delivery of anti-inflammatory agents is essential to reduce post-implantation inflammation and support cellular response.

The aim of this study was to develop cellulose and cellulose/hydroxyapatite (cellulose/HAp) scaffolds functionalized for the prolonged release of dexamethasone sodium phosphate, aiming to support bone regeneration and enhance cellular response. Highly porous cellulose and cellulose/HAp (1:1 w/w) composite scaffolds were fabricated and evaluated as carriers for sustained dexamethasone release. Initial drug loading resulted in rapid release; therefore, cationic groups were introduced into the cellulose macromolecules via amination with 2-chloro-N,N-diethylethylamine hydrochloride to prolong drug retention. Due to ionic interactions between the cationic groups in the scaffolds and the anionic groups of the drug molecules, a sustained release profile was achieved, with only 6–7% of the drug released within the first 24 hours and complete release occurring after approximately 170 hours. In contrast, non-aminated scaffolds released nearly all of the drug within 0.5 hours.

These findings demonstrate that aminated cellulose/HAp composite scaffolds provide an effective delivery system for sustained dexamethasone release, offering strong potential to enhance bone regeneration.