Abstract

Mangrove forests, an unique and vital marine ecosystem, are primarily found in the intertidal zones of tropical and subtropical coastlines between 25°N and 25°S. Our research has revealed the molecular regulatory mechanisms involving the antioxidant enzyme system, lignin, metallothionein genes (I, II, and III), and chitinase genes (I, II, and III) in the uptake and transport of heavy metals from the extracellular to intracellular environment in mangrove plants under anthropogenic stress. Furthermore, it was also discovered for the first time that CBF/DREB1 and WRKY transcription factor genes in mangroves participate in multi-signal transduction pathways under low-temperature, high-salinity, drought, and other stresses. These transcription factors, along with functional genes (such as P5CS, CDPK, ADH, HSP70, and PAL), collectively contribute to response and adaptation of mangrove plants to global climate change. Studies also indicate that greater diversity in mangrove plant species correlates with enhanced blue carbon sequestration, associated with distinct bacterial communities at the class and order levels. Different mangrove restoration approaches can lead to varying stocks of extracellular polymeric substances, which constitute significant forms of  blue carbon. A conceptual ecological model for mangroves has been proposed, highlighting their “four-high” characteristics—high productivity, high turnover rate, high decomposition rate, and high resistance—which underpin their adaptive capacity to global climate change and anthropogenic pressures. Based on this foundational research, more than 1,500 hectares about mangrove ecological restoration demonstration have been established, extending from China to South and Southeast Asia.