Abstract

Early and accurate disease diagnosis requires analytical platforms capable of detecting clinically relevant biomarkers with high sensitivity, selectivity, and operational simplicity. Here, we present multifunctional nanocomposite-based electrochemical biosensors engineered to improve analytical performance for clinical diagnostics. The sensing interfaces were fabricated by integrating conductive metal oxide nanostructures, transition metal-based nanomaterials, metallic nanoparticles, MXenes, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and conducting polymers to create highly active electrochemical surfaces with enhanced charge-transfer characteristics and efficient biomolecule immobilization. The rational design of these multifunctional nanocomposites simultaneously optimized electrical conductivity, electroactive surface area, and biomolecular recognition, overcoming the limitations of conventional single-component sensing platforms. The developed biosensing platforms enabled sensitive detection of clinically important targets, including cancer biomarkers and vitamin D, exhibiting low detection limits, broad linear dynamic ranges, excellent selectivity, and good reproducibility in complex biological matrices. These findings demonstrate the versatility of engineered nanostructured materials for constructing highperformance electrochemical biosensors suitable for clinical diagnostics and personalized healthcare. Building upon these advances, ongoing research aims to translate this sensing strategy into a portable multiplexed point-of-care platform integrating disposable nanocomposite sensor arrays, wireless electrochemical readout, and artificial intelligence-assisted signal analysis for simultaneous multi-biomarker detection. The convergence of advanced nanomaterials, electrochemical biosensing, multiplex diagnostics, and intelligent data analytics offers a  promising route toward next-generation personalized healthcare and decentralized clinical monitoring.